What is square foot gardening? A simple, unique and versatile system that adapts to all levels of experience, physical ability, and geographical location. Grow all you want and need in only 20% of the space of a conventional row garden. Save time, water, work and money! I am following the square foot gardening method, and I'll be using it as a reference through out the blog. Square foot gardening invented by the genius Mel Bartholomew! Learn more about it in his website , Or order his very very valuable book. It may come in downloadable PDF files too, if you search. 
Here are the 10 things that make SFG different from traditional row gardening:
- Layout. Arrange your garden in squares, not rows. Lay it out in 4′x4′ planting areas. Companion plants can help each other grow bigger and tastier!
- Boxes. Build boxes to hold a new soil mix above ground. Your existing soil doesn't matter! forget about it, and just worry about the new soil called Mel's Mix.
- Aisles. Space boxes 3′ apart to form walking aisles. It makes it easier to walk and sit around the boxes, especially when your plants get really big and spill out of the boxes a little.
- Soil. Fill boxes with Mel’s special soil mix: 1/3 blended compost (please please make your own! The compost sold in Kuwait is a little shady) , 1/3 peat moss, and 1/3 coarse vermiculite (All available in True Value).
- Grid. Make a permanent square foot grid for the top of each box. A MUST!
- Care. NEVER WALK ON YOUR GROWING SOIL. This is how the soil stays so fluffy and airy for the roots stay happy. Tend your garden from the aisles.
- Select. Plant a different flower, vegetable, or herb crop in each square foot, using 1, 4, 9, or 16 plants per square foot. You might, for example, plant a single tomato in a square, but you’d plant 16 carrots in another. Using this system, you can cram a lot of garden into a small space and still get excellent yields.
- Plant. Conserve seeds. Plant only a pinch (2 or 3 seeds) per hole. Place transplants in a slight saucer-shaped depression. This means you wont waste seeds! The traditional way is to plant lots of seeds then cut off the majority and leave the strongest.
- Water. Water by hand from a bucket of sun-warmed water.
- Harvest. When you finish harvesting a square foot, add only compost and replant it with a new and different crop.
I decided how big of an area I want to use, I am placing my SFG on the roof of my house, which I made sure received at least 8 hours of full sun. I am going big and starting with lots of boxes. So after thorough planning I decided I want two 4x4 square foot boxes (which is the standard) two smaller boxes for root vegetables like carrots and potatoes, and one long box for herbs. You can download the guide I created for the carpenters here . Its not the most accurate illustration of what the boxes look like in the end, but the numbers are right.
You can change the measurements how ever you like, most importantly, you have to make sure each square is 1ft squared in size= 30 cm. Also Most vegetables require 6 inches of soil, I've decided to use around 20cm. If the boxes are placed over a garden/soil, they don't need bottoms. In my case, I have to apply bottoms since they're going to be in the roof. The bottoms are waterproof 2cm thick plywood. The plywood has to have around 0.6 cm holes drilled in each square, plus in the corners. My boxes have weird squares in the plywood because the carpenter mistook 0.6cm for huge 6cm holes, I had them fix them without problems. Potato/Carrot beds: 
One of the 4x4' beds with the herb bed: 
You can of course build your own boxes, and a very detailed guide is in the book. Im sure its much more fun.I don't have the skill or time, so I had the boxes done for 50KD total, 30 for the wood and 20 for the building. The work was done by Ibrahim in Classic Design Carpentry : 
Don't forget, you can collect sawdust for free and use it as a carbon source in your compost! Maybe I'll paint the outsides of the boxes with the kids before the season starts, what do you think?
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The Perfect Storm: How AI, IoT, and Nation-State Actors Create 2025’s Most Dangerous Cybersecurity Landscape
In the early months of 2025, a sophisticated cyberattack rippled through the global shipping industry, not by targeting corporate servers directly, but by compromising thousands of seemingly innocuous IoT sensors on port cranes and container ships. The attack, which leveraged an AI-driven malware variant to create a self-propagating botnet, resulted in billions of dollars in losses from supply chain paralysis. This incident was not an anomaly; it was a harbinger of the new reality in cybersecurity. We have entered an era defined by a “perfect storm”—a dangerous convergence of three powerful forces: the exponential growth of the Internet of Things, the dual-use nature of artificial intelligence, and the escalating ambitions of nation-state threat actors. This article provides an expert analysis of this new landscape, exploring how these intertwined threats are creating a security challenge of unprecedented scale and complexity.
The role of artificial intelligence in this new environment is a profound paradox. On one hand, AI represents our most powerful shield. Advanced machine learning models can analyze network traffic at a scale and speed far beyond human capability, detecting subtle anomalies and zero-day threats that would otherwise go unnoticed. AI-powered Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) platforms can contain breaches in seconds, not hours. However, this same technology is a formidable sword in the hands of our adversaries. Attackers are now using AI to automate vulnerability discovery, generate polymorphic malware that evades signature-based detection, and craft hyper-personalized spear-phishing emails with near-perfect success rates. This AI arms race creates a volatile environment where the advantage can shift in an instant. For organizations to navigate this, they must not only adopt AI-powered defenses but also understand the offensive capabilities they face. As a complete guide to artificial intelligence in cybersecurity makes clear, mastering this duality is no longer optional for survival.
Compounding the AI paradox is the “billion-device problem” of the Internet of Things. The explosion of connected devices—projected to surpass 50 billion by 2030—has created a vast, undefended digital frontier. From smart home assistants and connected vehicles to industrial control systems and medical devices, every new point of connectivity represents a potential vulnerability. Manufacturers, driven by low margins and intense pressure to get to market quickly, have consistently treated security as an afterthought. The result is a global ecosystem rife with devices using hardcoded default passwords, running on unpatched firmware, and communicating over unencrypted channels. This is not a theoretical risk; it has created a digital pandemic of insecurity. A detailed global crisis investigation into the IoT security pandemic reveals how these individual device vulnerabilities aggregate into a systemic threat, providing the foundational infrastructure for massive botnets and creating entry points into our most critical systems.
This volatile technological landscape is being actively exploited within a tense geopolitical climate. The modern battlefield is increasingly digital, and nation-state actors are adapting their hybrid warfare playbooks accordingly. State-sponsored groups from Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran are no longer just focused on espionage; they are engaged in strategic sabotage, intellectual property theft, and the disruption of critical infrastructure. They leverage the vast, anonymous expanse of compromised IoT devices to launch massive DDoS attacks and obfuscate the origins of their operations. Attribution has become a nightmare for intelligence agencies, as states increasingly use criminal proxies and false-flag operations to maintain plausible deniability. The most alarming trend is the doctrine of “digital pre-positioning,” where state actors compromise critical infrastructure not for immediate attack, but to embed dormant implants that can be activated during a future geopolitical crisis. The strategic implications are profound, fundamentally altering the calculus of international conflict. A comprehensive analysis of the new era of global cyber warfare shows how these digital skirmishes are becoming a prelude to, or even a replacement for, conventional military conflict.
In the face of this new reality, traditional enterprise security models have become dangerously obsolete. The concept of a secure perimeter, protected by a firewall, is meaningless in a world of remote work, multi-cloud environments, and countless IoT devices connecting from outside the corporate walls. Organizations must undergo a fundamental architectural shift to survive. The legacy model of “trust but verify” must be replaced with a Zero Trust philosophy of “never trust, always verify.” This means treating every user, device, and connection as potentially hostile until proven otherwise. It requires robust identity and access management, strict network microsegmentation to prevent lateral movement, and continuous monitoring of all network activity. A modern defensive posture is not a static wall but a dynamic, adaptive system. For CISOs and security leaders tasked with this transformation, a detailed enterprise cybersecurity architecture CISO guide provides an essential blueprint for building a resilient organization capable of withstanding the pressures of the modern threat landscape.
Even with the most advanced technological defenses, the human element remains a critical factor. Attackers understand this well, and they have evolved their social engineering tactics far beyond the clumsy phishing emails of the past. By leveraging data from social media and previous breaches, and using AI to craft personalized and contextually relevant lures, attackers can now bypass even the most security-aware employees. These campaigns exploit deep-seated cognitive biases—our inherent trust, our fear of authority, and our desire to be helpful. This makes building a resilient “human firewall” more challenging, yet more important, than ever. It requires moving beyond simple compliance training to instill a deeper, more instinctual security mindset. A thorough guide to human psychology in cybersecurity explains the underlying principles that attackers exploit, offering a framework for building more effective and psychologically robust security awareness programs.
To defend against this perfect storm, organizations must adopt a holistic, multi-layered strategy that addresses each threat vector. The foundation of this strategy is a Zero Trust architecture, which is no longer a buzzword but a survival imperative. This architecture must be supported by advanced threat intelligence to provide visibility into the tactics of criminal and state-sponsored actors. A robust supply chain security program is also critical to ensure that vulnerabilities are not being built directly into the hardware and software the organization relies on. Finally, these technical controls must be paired with continuous, psychologically-informed security awareness training to fortify the human element. For organizations looking to begin this journey, a step-by-step Zero Trust implementation playbook offers a practical roadmap for moving from theoretical concept to operational reality.
In conclusion, the cybersecurity landscape of 2025 is not defined by a single threat, but by the dangerous synergy of several powerful trends. The massive, insecure attack surface created by the IoT provides the battlefield. The automation and sophistication enabled by AI provide the weapons. And the strategic ambitions of nation-states provide the motivation for large-scale conflict. Navigating this environment requires a new level of strategic foresight, architectural resilience, and organizational vigilance. The cost of failure is no longer just a data breach; it is the potential for catastrophic disruption to our economy, our critical infrastructure, and our very way of life. The storm is here, and only the prepared will survive.
Author Bio: Ansari Alfaiz is a leading cybersecurity researcher and analyst who specializes in the intersection of artificial intelligence, IoT security, and nation-state cyber strategy. His in-depth investigations and expert commentary are featured on a variety of security publications. For his latest detailed research and threat intelligence analysis, you can visit his platform at https://www.alfaiznova.com.
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/artificial-intelligence-in-cybersecurity-complete-guide.html
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/iot-security-pandemic-global-crisis-investigation.html
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/global-cyber-warfare-world-war-3.html
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/enterprise-cybersecurity-architecture-ciso-guide.html
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/human-psychology-cybersecurity-complete-guide.html
https://www.alfaiznova.com/2025/09/zero-trust-implementation-playbook-step-by-step.html
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